Henderson Motorcycles (1912-1931)

Henderson Motorcycles originated in Detroit, Michigan, and has since become a symbol of innovation and pioneering spirit in motorcycle history. Founded by brothers Tom and William Henderson in 1911, the company quickly gained recognition for its distinctive motorcycles, known for their long wheelbase and smooth four-cylinder engines. The story of Henderson Motorcycles, from its inception to its eventual acquisition by Chicago industrialist Ignaz Schwinn, is a narrative of engineering excellence, adventurous spirit, and resilience amidst economic challenges.

The Birth of Henderson Motorcycles

The Henderson brothers embarked on their manufacturing venture in 1911, the same year Ignaz Schwinn acquired Excelsior. By 1912, the first Henderson Four was introduced, boasting a 65-inch wheelbase that set it apart from competitors. This design allowed riders to sit between the wheels, significantly reducing road shocks. The initial seven-horsepower model featured a passenger seat mounted above the footboard, later repositioned to a rear tandem for improved comfort and control. By 1913, the engine’s power had increased to eight horsepower, with enhancements like a stronger front fork, a new rear brake, and a redesigned fuel tank.

Innovations and Achievements

Henderson motorcycles were known for their advanced engineering. The four-cylinder engine, with individually cast iron cylinders on an aluminium crankcase and a one-piece crankshaft on three main bearings, was a marvel of its time. The 1912 model came with an Eclipse clutch, Bosch magneto, and Schebler carburettor, making it an elegant, seven-horsepower touring machine priced at $325.

The company’s reputation was cemented in 1913 when Carl Stearns Clancy became the first person to circumnavigate the globe on a motorcycle, riding a 1912 Henderson. This feat showcased the motorcycle’s reliability and performance on a global stage.

1914, the Model C was introduced, featuring lighter pistons, two speeds, and adjustable seat springs. The company emphasized the superiority of four-cylinder engines in advertising, highlighting the continuous power delivery compared to the “jerks” of single—and twin-cylinder engines.

Challenges and Resilience

The onset of World War I brought material shortages and increased production costs, posing significant challenges for Henderson. Despite this, the company continued to innovate, introducing the short-wheelbase Model E in 1915 and a two-speed hub of its manufacture. The prices were adjusted to remain competitive, but the economic strain was evident. By January 1916, prices were raised again to sustain production quality.

Acquisition and Continued Legacy

In 1917, the economic difficulties led to Henderson’s acquisition by Ignaz Schwinn, who had already established himself as a significant player in the motorcycle industry with Excelsior. The last model produced independently by Henderson was the G model of 1917, featuring a three-speed transmission and other improvements. The company’s financial troubles persisted despite record-breaking achievements, such as Alan Bedell’s transcontinental record.

With Schwinn’s acquisition, the production of Henderson motorcycles moved to Chicago. The brothers initially stayed on to aid the transition but eventually parted ways. William Henderson went on to create the Ace motorcycle. Under Schwinn, Henderson motorcycles continued to evolve, adopting heavier frames, pressurized lubrication systems, and side-valve cylinders. The K model introduced in 1920 featured a displacement of 1310cc and 18 horsepower.

The Final Years

The late 1920s saw further advancements with the introduction of streamlined styling and increased power. Joe Petrali, a future Harley racing star, played a role in developing the machines. However, the Great Depression dealt a final blow to the company. 1931 production ceased, marking the end of Henderson and the Super X.

Classic American Motorcycles: A Legacy

Classic American motorcycles like Henderson, Excelsior, Indian, and Harley-Davidson hold a special place in the hearts of motorcycle enthusiasts and collectors. These vintage motorcycles are not just machines; they represent the early 20th-century spirit of innovation, adventure, and resilience. The legacy of these motorcycles lives on in the meticulous restoration efforts, the thriving communities of collectors, and the countless enthusiasts who celebrate the rich history of American motorcycling.